entry
Aug 2009, update April 2023
Changes in the
coastline of the Gulf of Naples —specifically
the Bay of Pozzuoli— have
come about over the centuries not so much through
general changes of sea-level in the Mediterranean, but
rather through the local rising and falling of the
land from earthquakes and especially the minor (but
cumulatively important) up-and-down jiggling shifts
known as "bradisisms." The area is on top of —better,
IS the top of— an active seismic cauldron that has to
vent every once in a while.
Though there is
considerable discussion over the extent to which the
coastline has changed since the time of the Romans, it
is a matter of simple (albeit underwater!) observation
that there are submerged Roman buildings and port
facilities in the bay off of Pozzuoli and adjacent (to
the west) Baia. The movement, by the way, has not
always been all in one direction; that is, since the
1980 earthquake and subsequent bradisisms, the land
has actually risen, not subsided; the famous Temple of
Serapis (photo, left)—which used to be submerged up to
about the one-meter mark on the columns—is now totally
on dry land, and the entire port had to be rebuilt in
the 1980s to accommodate the drop in perceived
sea-level at portside.
Also see these entries:
Imperial Port of Baia
the Baia Castle and Museum
the geology of
Pozzuoli
| The modern sea-wall that shelters the port disguises history rather well. When the Roman empire fell, Pozzuoli, with the adjacent imperial glory of the port facilities of Baia, went into centuries of decline. As late as the 1880s, a travel writer in the New York Times could still say: |
...The harbor of Pozzuoli is an interesting place to visit, if only to study the manner in which the ancients built their piers. There still remains the tremendous structure, or a very large portion of it, called by Seneca, Pilae, and by Suetonius, Moles Puteolanae. Of 25 buttresses, which supported 24 arches, 16 are left, three being under water. They are constructed of brick and pozzulana earth, and bear an inscription reporting that the pier was restored by Antonius Pius. A common, but very erroneous impression, owing probably to the fact of the pier now being called Ponte [bridge] di Caligula, is that it was connected with the ponton [sic] bridge which that emperor threw across the bay of Baiae in order that, clad in the armor of Alexander the Great, he might there celebrate his insane triumph over the Parthians
Indeed, photos from
that period (below, right) show the
pier/sea-wall of Pozzuoli to be low and jagged,
essentially what is left of the old Roman structure
(seen in the above image) after many centuries of
neglect. (Sources differ as to how many arches the
original Roman pier had.) After a century of talk
about rebuilding the pier into a more modern
structure, it wasn't until the early 1900s that this
was done. Dvorak (sources, below) reports in 1904:
Pozzuoli. Photo, Roberto Rive, c. 1880
The largest and best-known Roman breakwater is that at Puteoli, commonly called the Bridge of Caligula. This great work consisted of fifteen tall piers of concrete, some of 52 feet square, others smaller, rising from 49 feet of water to some 16 feet above the surface. The tops of the piers were connected by arches, and the whole work was often referred to as the "opus pilarum," or "moles puteolanae." Unfortunately, but little of the old work is now to be seen, for the harbour is sheltered by a solid sea-wall, which has been constructed by filling up the spaces between the ancient piers. The work was originally proposed by Carlo Fontana, and, in spite of the adverse criticism of Fazio, will soon be finished.
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The modernizing
work was, indeed, finished and was, as noted, redone
in the 1980s. Roman engineers built differently than
modern ones. A modern seawall stops waves completely;
the Romans, however, built separate piers (in this
case, joined by arches) that were close enough to
break the main force of the waves but still let
sufficient water pass through. Without modern dredging
equipment, this had the advantage of letting currents
sweep through the harbor and keep the port from
silting up. Perhaps the most interesting thing
in the whole harbor was the small island off the end
of the pier (seen in the image at the top of this
page). It was covered with buildings and has
disappeared completely; it is probably the one
mentioned by the Greek historian Pausanias in the
second century AD:
Off Diceearchia [the original Greek name for Pozzuoli, ed.], which belongs to the Etruscans, there is boiling water in the sea, and an island has been constructed artificially, that the water may be utilized for warm baths.
| The modern sea-wall of Pozzuoli (jutting out on the right in this photo) runs almost exactly east to west, pointing directly at Baia. |
Much of the western part of the bay, off of
Baia, has been studied and made available in the new
museum in the Aragonese
castle off of Baia; those waters are also now
an "underwater archaeology park," but I don't know
the extent to which such efforts have extended to
Pausania's "artificial island." Also, there was
apparently a second harbor at Puteoli. Ancient
sources mention it and in the early 19th century,
engineers planning to rebuild the harbor spoke of
the existence of an extensive network of piers
offshore below the old acropolis to the east of the
main harbor.
notes:
*1: The arched pier is
reproduced in Dvorak (below) and labelled "from a
Roman picture after Bellori" in reference to Fragmenta vestigii
veteris Romae by J.P. Bellori (1615-1696),
a French archaeologist. (back to text)
sources:
—Dvorak, John J. and G.
Mastrolorenzo (1991). The Mechanisms of recent vertical crustal
movements in Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy.
The Geological Society of America, Special Paper
263. Boulder, Colorado.
—Fazio, G. (1832). Discorso intorno al
sistema di costruzione de Porti. Naples.
— Günther, R. T. (1903)
"Earth-Movements in the Bay of Naples. IV. The
Phlegræan Shore-Line." in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22,
No. 3 (Sep., 1903), pp. 269-286. Blackwell, London.
—"Pozzuoli and her renown" in The New York Times,
July 9, 1881.
—Sirago, Maria (2008).
La
trasformazione dei porti e degli arsenali del
regno di Napoli nel passaggio dalla propulsione
remica a quella velica [The
transformation of ports and shipbuilding in the
kingdom of Naples in the transisition from oars to
sails] in the annals of the 2. National Meeting on
the History of Engineering, Naples, 7-9 April 2008,
pp. 1017 – 1027.
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The Nabataeans
in Pozzuoli
Pozzuoli
and Petra,
more than just
the first
letter in
common
Looking ahead to
the UN World Oceans Day coming up on June 8, 2023
various
local
officials announced the latest archaeological news in the waters of
Pozzuoli.
About
2,000 years
ago, during
the Roman
empire,
Puteoli
(Pozzuoli) was
a bustling,
commercial
city equipped
with a port
for
international
trade even
before the
Romans took it
over in 195
B.C. The Roman
conquest of
the east meant
they needed a
port for trade
with the rest
of the
Mediterranean.
Pozzuoli,
though it was
240 km (150
miles) from
Rome, became
that port and
the greatest
trading center
in Italy. It
then becomes a
matter of
great interest
to ask "Who
all came here
to trade?" and
you learn a
lot by
studying what
lies at the
bottom of the
sea of the Bay
of Pozzuoli.
You're less
likely to see
entire ships
intact because
wood doesn't
do too well
underwater.
Look for
ceramics,
pottery,
murals,
mosaics maybe
just below the
surface where
a swish of the
hand can swirl
away the sand
and grant you
a look back in
time.
The latest
discovery in
the city
includes a
temple and two
marble altars
that once
belonged to
the
Nabataeans.
Experts date
the altars to
the first half
of the first
century. The
Nabataeans are
mentioned in
many ancient
texts, whether
Greek
histories or
in the Bible
or Islamic
texts. They
occupied
northern
Arabia and the
southern
Levant (in
what is now
southern
Jordan) and
emerged as a
distinct
civilization
and political
entity between
the 4th and
2nd centuries
BCE. Their
kingdom
centered on a
loosely
controlled
trading
network in the
Middle East
and spread
considerable
wealth and
influence.
They were
easily
identified by
their
characteristic
finely painted
ceramics.
Historian Jane
Taylor
described them
as "one of the
most gifted
peoples of the
ancient
world".*
They had their
moment, but
when the Roman
tide came in,
the
Nabataeans
ebbed away,
annexed by
Emperor Trajan
in 106 CE.
*Taylor, Jane
(2001). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the
Nabataeans. London. "The Nabataean Arabs, one of
the most gifted peoples of the ancient world, are
today known only for their hauntingly beautiful
rock-carved capital — Petra". (shown) Al-Khazneh is
one of the most elaborate temples in Petra. It is
thought to have been the mausoleum of the Nabatean
King Aretas IV in the 1st century AD. It is one of
the most popular tourist attractions in both
Jordan and the region. It became known as
"Al-Khazneh", or The Treasury, in the early 19th
century by the area's Bedouins as they had
believed it contained treasures.
The apostle Peter's name comes from
'Petra' the name of the Nabataean capital. "Petra"
means "rock" or "crag", here a very large one, a
temple carved into and out of a cliff face. It is a
feminine noun. The New Testament presents Peter's
original name as Simon (Σίμων, Simōn in Greek). It,
too, means "rock", "crag", or "stone". Jesus --always
Messiah-on-the-spot with a pun-- says to Simon Peter
(Matthew 16: 18-19), "I say unto thee that thou art
Cephas (Petros), and on this rock (petra) I
will build my church, and the gates of Hell will not
prevail against it. " Aramaic has two genders,
masculine and feminine, and Petra the real rock, is
feminine, so Jesus had to invent a male form of Petra
--ergo Petro, Pedro, Pietro, etc. We just have Peter.
I like that. There are also English translations such
as Rock and Rocky. Imagine the first pope as Rocky. I
like that, too. So if you go to the Bay of Pozzuoli
and take a dip, you'll feel different, better, when
you come out.
© 2002 - 2023